From Martin Hoyles' book Cugoano Against Slavery (Hansib. 2014)
What a good event the
workshop What’s Happening in Black
British History? A Conversation was on Thursday 30 October at Senate House.
A big thanks to Miranda Kaufmann and Michael Ohajuru for organising it with the
support of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies. Despite it being a weekday
about 100 people were able to attend, including those long involved in work on
the history such as Ian Duffield, Chris Power, David Killingray, Marika
Sherwood, Tessa Hoskins and John Cowley. In addition to people like Caz
Bressey, Kathy Chater, Martin Spafford,
Audrey Dewjee who had been involved in Black & Asian Studies
Association (BASA) with me, there were Steve (S.I.) Martin, Kwaku, Christian
Hogsbjerg and Tony Warner. It was good to see so many new people attending.
With the demise of BASA the aim of the event is to
kick start the development of a new organised network. A database will be
created to enable information to be shared and events organised. While we wait
for the outcome of the day to be locked into place, the conversation needs to
continue. Recent and forthcoming events are suggesting that there has been a
significant change and the development of an appetite, particularly among those
of Caribbean African heritage for more
to be in the public eye on the Black contribution over the centuries, the need
to record the post-war experience as elders die, and anger at the absence of
recognition of the contribution in the First World War galleries in the
Imperial War Museum. Behind the scenes
there remain frustrations about getting the commissioners of TV programmes to
take the stories on. Meanwhile Stephen
Bourne’s book Black Poppies has sold
1,500 copies in just three months, publicised mainly through social media.
This contribution to the conversations looks at
issues relating to ‘blackness’, the importance of networking, the significance
of the Windrush, the problems of knowing about the resources that already
exist, and the increasing flood of publications.
‘Black’
and identity
Some of the issues especially about the political
meaning of ‘black’ and multiple identities, touched on in the closing panel
session have been discussed in a very interesting comment and analysis piece by
Aditya Chakrabortty in the printed Guardian
on 31 October – see http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/30/bengali-black-ethnic-minorities-racism.
‘Black’ was a term used in the 1970s and 1980s
in a political way to represent solidarity between non-whites. This
proved complex for those of South Asian heritage who have drifted away from
Black History Month. There are also legacies of the hierarchy of colour with black
at the bottom and white at the top from the West Indies as discussed by Andrea
Levy in her article in The Guardian on
3 November: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/03/how-i-learned-stop-hating-heritage.
The Guardian has a good track record on contributing to debate on Black History;
see e.g. Andrea Stuart’s piece Black
History Month can only be declared a success once it's redundant on 31
October last year at http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/oct/31/black-history-month-britain-learn.
The
importance of Networking
Networking has been very important for many of us
in developing our work.
It was Ian Duffield who provided me with the
framework to start my work on John Archer back in the late 1970s when he spoke to
the Battersea & Wandsworth Labour & Social History Group. It was my
work on Archer that led Sam Walker who
ran Black Cultural Archives to ask me to do a project on Lewisham’s Black
History in 1994. This led to an exhibition and the provision of my material to
Joan Adim-Addo to help her with her book The Longest Journey: History of Black
Lewisham (1995).
As a result of researching in New York it was
Marika Sherwood who alerted me to Allan Glaisyer Minns, the black Mayor of
Thetford in 1904, along with finding letters between Archer and the US black
historical activist John Bruce. This led
me to do some research into Minns which I shared with people in Thetford and
with Steve Martin who did some further research. This forms the background for
initiatives in Thetford to be developed culminating this year in a presentation
of A Monologue celebrating his life
by the actor Michael Clarke. http://www.norfolkblackhistorymonth.org.uk/history/local/minns.html and http://www.thebrecklandview.com/event/monologue-celebrate-life-dr-allan-g-minns.
Those of us who were active in BASA
have been able to share information and recommend each other as speakers e.g.
Caz, Kathy and Miranda have been involved in speaking in Wandsworth Black (now
Diversity) History Month. The Samuel Coleridge-Taylor Network developed out of
the liaison between Jeff Green and myself. Jeff was unable to be at the Conversation. His
book Black Edwardians remains an
important starting off point. A key aim of his blog is to make more information
available and this has led to many descendants of people featured contacting
him: http://www.jeffreygreen.co.uk.
His latest entry is on Eph Thompson, the elephant trainer. It is people like
Jeff who have ensured that there are a growing number of profiles of black
people in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Miranda has added John
Blanke – see http://www.mirandakaufmann.com/blog/john-blanke-takes-his-rightful-place-in-the-oxford-dictionary-of-national-biography.
The 22 November African History and Croydon event
being put on by Kwaku of Black British Music, who spoke in the panel
discussion, grew out of previous co-operation between the two of us of the ‘Look
How Far We’ve Come…’ event we ran together in this year’s Croydon Heritage
Festival. For further detail see http://historyandsocialaction.blogspot.co.uk/2014/11/racism-african-history-and-croydon.html.
The Significance of the Windrush
There is a lot of debate about pre- and
post-Windrush. There is a persistent myth that Windrush was the first arrival
of black people in Britain. Of course it
represents the beginning of post-war West Indian settlement. It is a marker for
the experience of racism in terms of press comment on its pending arrival. It is
also a symbol of the defeat of that virulent form of racism, Nazism; the ship having previously been used for
Baltic holiday cruises for the Hitler Youth, and then a troop ship which was captured.
The fact that ex-servicemen were on board and Baron Baker, an ex-serviceman who
had stayed in Britain after the War, negotiated the use of the Clapham Deep
Shelters, is a reminder of the contribution of African peoples in the War and
in previous wars, going back to Trafalgar and the image on the Nelson column that
Miranda showed in her introduction at the
Conservation, and previous to that.
Problems
of Knowledge
While Peter Fryer’s Staying Power (Pluto Press 1984 and continually reprinted) remains the key foundation book, we must not
forget the textbooks written by Nigel Fine and Chris Power in 1981 Black
Settlers in Britain, 1555-1958, and Tessa Hoskins Black People in Britain, 1650-1850 (History
in Depth - Nelson Thornes Ltd, 1984). The amount of material now
available is immense. The number of
projects at local level grows. Many are funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund,
whose representative on the day was warmly clapped when she introduced herself.
However, as Kathy Chater pointed out attempts to get funding for a project
through BASA and then the Equiano Centre to put her 4,000 entry database of
people on to the web had not been successful.
It was suggested that not much work had been
undertaken on Ignatius Sancho. I pointed
out that this was not the case, citing the work about him Arthur Torrington had
undertaken in Greenwich. Unfortunately
Arthur tells me the resources are not available on the web. One of Sancho’s trade
cards is in the V&A:
http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O98106/ignatius-sanchos-trade-card-print-unknown. Back in 1981 Paul Edwards had a piece on
Equiano and Sancho in History Today: Black
People in Britain: Olaudah Equiano and Igantius Sancho. The same year saw the publication of Igantius
Sancho (1729-1780): An Early African Composer in England. (Garland Press) In
1994 Edwards published with Polly Rewt The Letters of Ignatius Sancho. (Edinburgh
University Press. 1994). Brycchan
Carey’s excellent website contains a bibliography on Sancho: http://www.brycchancarey.com/sancho/biblio.htm. The 1997 National Portrait Gallery exhibition
saw the publication of Reyahn King (ed), Ignatius Sancho: An African Man
of Letters (National Portrait Gallery, 1997). As Miranda pointed out
at the workshop the British Library acquired 15 of his letters last year – see http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2013/11/black-georgians-an-affrican-in-georgian-london.html.
Resources
In terms of resources the former BASA Newsletters
remain an important collection of notes, articles, parish records, sources,
resources and book reviews. You can see
contents of the issues on http://www.blackandasianstudies.org/newsletter/newsletter.html.
This includes an index prepared by Marika Sherwood of issues 1-47. Issues 60-63
are in digital form on the website. There were some unsold back issues which
Marika Sherwood (at her base at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies) may have
access to for sale. The issues can be consulted along with BASA’s archive at
Black Cultural Archives, and former members with copies can provide photocopies
(for the price of copying and postage). I will be working on making the content
of the Information Bulletins that were emailed out when I was BASA’s Secretary
available, along with my former Black British History enewsletter.
During the panel discussion I mentioned the
excellent books by Martin Hoyles on Cuffay and Cuguano. These are published
along with other works by him by Hansib Publications: http://www.hansibpublications.com.
See my review on the Cuffay book at http://historyandsocialaction.blogspot.co.uk/2013/01/what-amazing-man-william-cuffay-review.htm.
I will be reviewing the Cuguano book.
On the question raised about the need for a bibliography
on British Black History Andy Simons, who used to work at the British Library,
compiled one in 2010 which is on the BASA website with the link on page http://www.blackandasianstudies.org/news.html:
Selected Bibliography for the Aid of Studying Black British
African-Caribbean and Asian British History, Sociology, and Culture, in English
at the British Library. He also produced an
update in 2013.
We are being overwhelmed with publications on aspects
of British Black History and on the Atlantic slavery system including those
listed below.
Where
Next?
The answer is pretty simple. Continue what we are
doing in terms of research, publications, web postings, talks and walks,
workshops and conferences; strengthen the networking and the collaborative
work; continue debate and lobbying. Apart from building the networking
database, the Conversation initiative will include further events next year, to
carry on the conversation in person. Miranda tells me that there are great suggestions
on the feedback forms – more from Miranda on that in due course. Watch out for
her blog about the day which will be posted on www.mirandakaufmann.com.
A final thought. Is the Jamaica Times (http://www.jamaicatimesuk.com)
the free
newspaper for Jamaicans in the UK helping to generate interest? Its October BHM
Special issue contains articles on the Jamaican Disapora Mapping Project, the
money needed for Mary Seacole’s statue, a report on J. D Douglas’s lecture at
the House of Commons on the contribution of Black and Asian Soldiers in the
First World War, and an interesting discussion by Bishop Dr Joe Aldred on Jesus is Black …. Given the importance
of religion in black communities, and while
you do not have to believe in a God, he argues:
‘One of the benefits of Black History
month has to be that it provides a framework within which we can restate the quality
of humanity made in God’s image. To do this well, we have to speak truth to the
power of white western hegemony, and tear down the principalities and power
that misappropriate the image and likeness of God and use it to subjugate and
inferiorise. To say that Jesus is black is simply to assert black humanity in
God’s image and realised in the incarnation.
It is not to deny the image of God in the Caucassian, the Indian, the
Chinese or any of God’s diverse humanity.’
Note: see my other discussion piece at:
Publications
Before the Windrush. Race Relations in 20th
Century Liverpool. John Belchem. (Liverpool University Press. 2014)
Black British Rebels: Figures from Working Class
History. Hassan Mahamdallie. (Bookmarks Publications. 2012)
Black Poppies. Britain’s Black Community and the
Great War. Stephen Bourne. (History
Publications. 2014)
Blackamoores:
Africans in Tudor England, their Presence, Status and Originsby.
Onyeka. (Narrative Eye. 2013)
Chris Braithwaite: Mariner, Renegade & Castaway
– Christian Hogsbjerg. (Red Words. 2014)
Cugoano Against Slavery. Martin Hoyles. (Hansib
Publications. 2014)
Empire of Cotton: A Global History. Sven Beckert. (Knopf. 2014).
Empire, Race and the Politics of Anti-Caste.
Caroline Bressey. (Bloomsbury. 2013)
Empire of Necessity:
Slavery, Freedom, and Deception in the New World. Greg
Grandin. (Metropolitan Books. 2014)
The Half Has Never Been
Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism. Edward E. Baptist. (Basic
Books. 2014)
Ira
Aldridge. Sergei N. Durylin (author) & Alexi Lalo (translator). (Africa Research and Publications. 2014)
Ira Aldridge. Performing Shakespeare in Europe, 1952-1855.
Bernth Lidfors. (University of Rochester Press. 2013)
Legacies of British
Slave-Ownership. Colonial Slavery and the Formation of
Victorian Britain. Catherine Hall & others. (Cambridge University Press).
Pan-Africanism and Communism. The Communist
International, Africa and the Diaspora, 1919-1939. (Africa World Press. 2013)
Science, race relations and resistance. Britain
1870-1914. Douglas Lorimer. (Manchester University Press. 2013)
Slavery's Capitalism: A New History of American
Economic Development. Sven Beckert & Seth Rockman. (University of
Pennsylvania Press. 2013)
Sugar in the Blood. Andrea Stuart. A Family’s
Story of Slavery. (Portobello Books 2012; Random House. 2013)
William Wells Brown. Clotel and Other Writings.
Ezra Greenspan (ed). (Library of America. 2014)
The Yellow Peril: Dr Fu Manchu & the Rise of
Chinaphobia. Christopher Frayling.
(Thames & Hudson. 2014)
And published in the last month:
Mother Country. In the wake of a dream. Novel.
Donald Hinds. (Hansib Publications. 2014)
Sorry,
But I Thought You Were Black: 50 Years of the West Indian Press. Clayton
Goodwin. (Acorn Independent Press. 2014)
Tracing Your Caribbean Ancestors. Guy Grannum. (Bloomsbury.
2012)
When I Came to England. An Oral History of Life in
1950s & 1960s Britain. Z. Nia
Reynolds. (Black Stock Books. 2014)
William Cuffay. The Life & Times of a Chartist
Leader. Martin Hoyles. (Hansib Press. 2012)
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